Alcohol Dependence - 927 Words

Alcohol is the most commonly used and highly abused drug in the world. In the United States alone, 17.6 million people suffer from alcohol dependence, or better known as alcoholism. Alcoholism is a chronic, progressive disease marked by a growing compulsion to drink and impaired control over drinking that eventually interfere with health and social behavior. It is an addiction that effects more people than just the alcoholic. Over 100,000 Americans die as a result of alcohol abuse. Results prove that alcohol played a role in half of the homicides, suicides and traffic deaths in the United States. It is estimated that alcohol causes 30% of automobile fatalities in the United States (Yi et al., 1999). Alcohol dependence is a disease that†¦show more content†¦Another reason why alcoholics drink is to ‘get rid of their problems.’ Famous American comedian Joe E. Lewis said, â€Å"I drink to forget I drink.† They use alcohol as a way to cope with stress and problems that may occur in their lives. They believe that they are ‘better off’ when they are drinking because that is when they don’t have to deal with the troubles in their life. They rely on alcohol to take care of their problems. Alcoholics also feel like they have to drink to feel good. Physiological dependence occurs when the body adapts to the high use of alcohol and requires this level of use to feel right or maintain its balance. Tolerance to alcohol is one form of physiological dependence. Tolerance means that after continued drinking, consumption of a constant amount of alcohol produces a lesser effect. The higher a person’s alcohol tolerance, the more alcohol it takes to have the same effect as smaller amounts of alcohol used to have on them. Going through withdrawal from alcohol is another type of physiological dependence. Alcohol withdrawal refers to symptoms that may occur when a person who suffers from alcohol dependence suddenly stops d rinking alcohol. Some withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, insomnia and many physical symptoms. (Bayard, Mcintyre,2004) One popular way to help somebody who suffers from alcohol dependence is to give them an intervention. There are a few treatments for alcoholism, bothShow MoreRelatedCauses Of Alcoholism And Alcohol Dependence885 Words   |  4 Pages Causes of Alcoholism Introduction Alcoholism or alcohol dependence is one of the most prevalent problems found among teens and adults alike. But, what exactly is alcoholism? Alcoholism is a chronic disorder marked by excessive and usually compulsive drinking of alcohol leading to [mental] and physical dependence or addiction (Merriam-Webster). However, it is still unclear to scientists as to what particularly forms this addiction. 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(Read MoreCommon Pharmacological Treatments For Alcohol Dependence1803 Words   |  8 Pagesunstoppable development of the world leads to many ills such as heavy workload, environmental issues, diseases, and other such problems. Especially, it cannot exclude alcohol use disorders. It is also reported that 100,000 people with alcohol-related problems died per year in the United Stated (Fuller Gordis, 2001). Alcohol dependence has various detrimental impacts to the event that it has become â€Å"a substantial burden of disease and disability in both developed and developing countries† (Babor, 200 8)Read MoreTreating Alcohol Dependence In Hammersmith Essay2390 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay will critically review service provision for adult men with alcohol dependence in Hammersmith. The essay will define alcohol dependence, its clinical importance, statistics; national policy will be highlighted and also will define community health profile. 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MGT101A Chris Bray Case Study Essay - 1542 Words

\ Table of Contents Title Page Number 1.1 Company Background 3 1.2 Aim 3 2.1 Issues 4 2.2 Corporate Culture 4 2.3 Changing Corporate Culture 5 2.4 Leadership and Teamwork in Corporate Culture 5 3.0 Conclusion 6 4.0 Recommendations 6 5.0 References 8 1.1 Company Background Established in 1999, CaterCare Services (CCS) provides remote catering and accommodation services to government, private, and defence organisations in Australia and overseas. CCS boasts of an enriching work experience, providing training, succession planning and development opportunities and offers recognition, rewards programs and supportive leadership. Their†¦show more content†¦(businessdictionary.com) Closing the culture gap is of extreme importance. As the organisation loses sight of its original cultural values, changes in the behaviours and decision making of its employees begin to appear. This can be detrimental to the health and success of the organisation. 2.3 Changing Corporate Culture People are resistant to change. They fear uncertainty and loss of control (Kanter, 2012) therefore changing corporate culture can be a difficult and lengthy task. In Peter Bragman’s article, ‘A Good Way to Change a Corporate Culture’ he discusses how corporate culture begins with its ‘invisible culture’ – a companies deeper values held by organisation members – and to change, an organisation must first create new stories to instil new beliefs into the minds of employees. Ceremonies are a great way to change corporate culture. Trice and Beyer (1984) define ceremonies as a â€Å"special occasions that reinforce valued accomplishments, create bond among people by allowing them to share an important event, and anoint and celebrate heroes.† (Samson and Daft 2009, p.114) Ceremonies are a great way to acknowledge employee accomplishments and create value in an organisation. They recognise heroes who exemplify a companies beliefs and core corporate values and by acknowledging these â€Å"heroes† new stories are created and can help reshape a companies corporate 2.4 Leadership and Teamwork

How Does the Nature of Children’s Friendship Change with Age Free Essays

How does the nature of children’s friendship change with age? Within this essay I will be looking at how children’s friendships change in nature as they age. I will begin first by defining what is meant by the term friendship. I will then examine theories on stage and age development in relation to the development of friendships, exploring research which suggests that the nature of a child’s friendship is based on their age. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does the Nature of Children’s Friendship Change with Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will look at conflicting research which suggests that although stage’s of friendship may be categorized, that there is conflicting research to suggest the ages at which this behaviour manifests itself may not be the same for each child. Finally I will summarize by concluding how the nature of children’s friendship changes with age. The very definition of what the term friendship actually means in itself is difficult to clarify and categorize. A dictionary definition defines friendship as an attachment from mutual esteem, and a friend as someone who is loving or attached to another. As an adult it can seem easy to define who are friends are, they are like minded individuals whom we share common interests with, people we trust and socialize with. Other people within our adult life are associates, work colleagues or general acquaintances. The category of friend is reserved for those whom we have developed a bond with and in most cases an emotional attachment to. However, when we consider this in relation to the nature of children’s friendship this dictionary definition and an adults view of friendship may not hold true for all children. It also over simplifies the nature and dynamics involved in friendship. Barnes (2003, pg 49) highlights this when he discusses the many experiences children have of friendship, and the emotions and experiences these friendships expose children to, for example it affords them the opportunity to share experiences, develop communication and develop a sense of closeness to another person, however in contrast to this Barnes tells us that friendships in childhood introduces children to a to conflict situations and emotions such as jealousy, anger and loneliness. Best to leave a line space between paragraphs. The significance of childhood friendships can be a difficult area to gauge. The importance of these relationships and the subsequent impact on a child is not something which can be measured with any certainty. Allison James, an anthropologist, states the difficulty of guaging impact but also acknowledges the significance of childhood relationships and the importance of these ‘friendships’ in preparing children for later life and adult roles. participation in this tangled web of social relationships helps to shape identity and sense of self which is assumed as s/he moves towards adulthood to become a person in society†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. the actual process of socialisation can only ever be haltingly documented† (James, 1993 cited in Kehily and Swann, 2003. pg 51). James admission that research in this area can be difficult to record and analyse is supported by Barnes when he discusses the reminiscing of childhood by a dults in later life â€Å"none of this is to deny the the value of personal reminiscence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ut it serves as a reminder not just to accept it in an unquestioning way† ( Barnes, 2003, pg. 51) American psychologist Robert Selman supports the theory that the nature of children’s friendships is influenced by their social understanding which develops as they age. Selman carried out research whereby he posed ‘dilemma’s’ through scenarios to children aged between three and fifteen, he then questioned the children on their solutions to these dilemma’s and recorded these interviews. In doing this Selman came to the conclusion that the nature of friendship could be categorized into four distinct stages, related to four distinct ages. Barnes (2003, pg 56) outlines Selman’s four stages, ‘Momentary physical playmate† this is the stage whereby children, usually around the age of three to five will categorize their friends as those who live in their locality, go to the same school and who partake in similar activities. The second stage is ‘ One-way assistance’ this is the stage whereby children do things to please another, within this stage Selman acknowledges that although at this stage children may try to adapt to others the friendship is still one sided and there is little evidence of the reciprocal nature of friendship, the age at which this occurs in most children is between the age of six to eight years old. The third stage of Selmans theory is the â€Å"fairweather co-operation† stage usually evident in children aged between nine and twelve years. Within this stage children begin to see the consequence of their actions and begin to act accordingly, that is to say they appreciate that their actions and the actions of their friends are now evaluated and hence they begin to become adaptable taking into account the thoughts, needs and preferences of their ‘friends’. Within this stage Selman argues that children may encounter conflict and disagreements which in turn may cause these friendships to peter out as opposed to enduring. Selmans final stage is called â€Å"mutual concern† this is usually seen around the ages of eleven to fifteen. Within this stage Selmans research suggested that children have developed the skills required to develop stronger friendships based on a mutal understanding Within this stage friendships can survive minor conflicts, Selman acknowledges the fact that, through his research, he found the way in which children describe their friendship has now changed, he found that descriptions were not based on physical descriptions, which had been the case with younger children but were now based on psychological attributes. Selman’s theories on stage development of friendships can be compared with other researchers who also concluded that their were specific points in a child’s life whereby the nature of their friendship differed dependent on age, Barnes (2003, pg 55) comments on Bigelow and La Gaipa (1980) who also categorized the nature of friendship based on particular age/stage brackets. Bigelow and La Gaipa argued that the changing nature of friendship developed alongside children’s cognitive development. That is to say as children develop their cognitive understanding and have experiences of social interaction and the nature of their friendships develop and this can be categorized in general terms into particular ages. Barnes uses Zick Rubin, an American psychologist, to illustrate this staging theory, â€Å"Rubin (1980) likens this to climbing a ladder and resting at each rung in order to consolidate the new level of interpersonal awareness that has been achieved† (Barnes,2003, cited in Kehily and Swann). This categorization of stage development is not a new concept in the 1950’s and 1960’s Jean Piaget a Swiss psychologist through years of research developed theories regarding child development and the stages which children will act in a certain way based on their cognitive development, however â€Å"Increasingly psychologists have adopted a ‘lifespan perspective’ which recognizes that development is a process that continues from birth to death†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ he end of childhood, as well as the beginning and middle, is not fixed by chronological age’ (Morrow, 2003). It is therefore important not to wholly focus on the age of a child and assume that they will fit into a pre-defined category or stage, in my opinion what Morrow highlights for us is that development isn’t fixed in to particular ages and stages, it suggests to me the way in which children and adults act can be determined by other factors such as their surroundings and the experience s they have. Avoid using too many quotations in U212 essays – use them sparingly. We want to hear your answer primarily in your words. Although it can be argued that â€Å"slotting†children’s friendship development solely into age brackets isn’t conclusive, it is helpful in determining the changing nature of friendship. By using stage development theories such as Selman’s or Piaget’s theories on the cognitive development of children we can use these ‘stages’ to further explore the changing nature of friendship within a wider context. In the case of Selman, research was carried out by interviewing children of varying ages and asking them to comment on scenarios, a different approach in determining the changing nature of friendship has been explored through the observation of children in the context of play and life experiences and comparing these social interactions against the stage models. By taking an ethnographic approach studying children, this involves the direct observation and analysis of their communications, sociologist William Cursaro (1985) explored the way in which children talked about friendship with each other. Through his studies Cursaro identified six distinct ways in which children talked in relation to friendship these included instances whereby children talked about ‘friends’ as a method to gain access to play or categorized ‘friends’ as the people they were playing with. Cursaro’s research was based around children aged between three and five year old and in his findings highlights that empathetic behaviour is displayed even in children at this young age, if we compare this to Selmans stages of friendship development this empathetic behaviour should be seen at around the age of eleven onwards according to his research. Barnes (2003, pg 61) uses Allison James own findings from her study of four year olds to support Cursaro’s findings. James (1993) suggests â€Å"through it’s discrete performance that children learn about and experience friendship, which means that social contexts in which children find themselves, not simply their age, play the greater part in shaping children’s understanding of the concept† James and Cursaro offer a contrasting view to that of Selman and Piaget in the way in which children develop their friendships. It is clear that age alone can not truly determine how a child will behave towards their ‘friends’ and that considerations relating to social experiences and environmental influences have to be taken into account. Common held beliefs, discourses, can also influence the way in which children will behave and react in relation to friends and friendship, factors such as culture, gender and social status will also have a bearing on a child or adults behaviour and thus influence the way in which they behave and feel they should behave. What is clear is that research offers no definitive model on the changing nature of children’s friendships it cannot be precise in relation to age when a child will move from one stage to another it merely confirms the fluid nature of friendships. Previous sentence is too long and is actually three separate sentences. However what is apparent is the importance and significance of friendships need linking words or an introduction of some sort here for this quote;gt; â€Å"friendships are among the central ingredients in children’s lives from as early as age three†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. through adolescence. Friendships occupy, both in their actual conduct and in the world of thought and fantasy, a large proportion of children’s waking hours. They are often the sources of children’s greatest pleasures and deepest frustrations. † ( Rubin,1980, cited in Barnes, 2003, pg 52). How to cite How Does the Nature of Children’s Friendship Change with Age, Papers

Innovation Plan The Proposed Innovation

Question: Discuss about theInnovation Planfor the Proposed Innovation. Answer: Introduction This includes the proposed innovation and how to achieve it discusses the vision mission and needs of the organisation and how the innovation would help the business to achieve its objectives. The executive summary gives the whole outline of the innovation plan. The Proposed Innovation The innovation involves a mobile networking app that can be used to connect the company and the customers. The innovation is to be done on an existing idea, and software development is to be used to develop the app that can store customer details and location automatically, the app can be used for messaging services and is primarily designed to enhance customer relations and marketing services. This innovation is needed to enable direct dissemination of information between the company and the clients concerning products and customer needs. The innovation is required to put the company in a strategic position to compete effectively in the dynamic market environment. The mission of the organisation is to lead innovation and generate new ideas as it pursues its overall objectives. It looks forward to having a competitive advantage and increasing its revenues in the both the long run and short run by using new ideas and innovations. How to Achieve the Mission The company should put in place a collaborative working environment to foster innovation and budgeting system should be flexible to provide room for creativity and development of ideas into new products for the benefit of the organisation. Therefore innovation should be emphasised in the company and teamwork approach should be used to achieve the desired results. Strategic Change Chart There are major proposed changes in the organisation in the ways of marketing its products and interacting with the customers. Current condition Proposed change Impact Traditional marketing strategies are being used e.g. advertisement and use of sales person. Online marketing platform is to be developed in which a mobile app can be used to connect the customers and the company directly, and information can be shared quickly between the customers and the company. Increased sales and reduction in the cost of marketing is expected, the company can engage with the customers directly without involving intermediaries. Efficient communication is expected through the use of the mobile app. Public Statement Online marketing is to be enabled by the innovation and traditional marketing procedures are to be dropped. The mobile networking app is to change the mode of communication between the customers, the public and the company as their contact details and location are automatically saved in the app and messaging services is also provided by innovation. Proposed Importance The mobile networking app can connect customers and the company irrespective of location and uses a 3g internet connection that is affordable by many people. The app has a direct impact on increasing the volume of sales per day and the company can get more revenue than expected. Marketing costs are reduced since the number of sales forces is to be reduced considerably when the app is put in full operation. Proposed Use The app will store information about the customer tastes and preferences and other changing client needs which can be used to make decisions in the organisation. Mission, Needs and Vision Statement Mission Statement The innovation is in line with core values and mission of the institution. The innovation enables efficient marketing and reduction of costs for the organisation and provides an opportunity to apply the new technology in pursuit of organisational goals and objectives. The innovation is to serve the customers and the general public since information about the company is readily available in the app. Vision Statement The app can be developed in future to meet the diverse needs of the organisation and can be used together with other communication platforms to provide before sales services e.g. description on the use of products and other product display to the customers about the utilisation of the outputs. The company is likely to increase efficiency on its operations once the innovation is put into practice and the company will be done in a strategic position to compete effectively with other business organisations. Statement of Need The innovation is required in the team because of the dynamic changes in the business environment where customer focus is considered a priority. Creating a platform where the company can interact with a client directly is a milestone improvement and the organisation is deemed to improve its operations. The innovation will benefit all the stakeholders of the enterprise and will be vital for the efficient decision-making process because required information can readily be obtained through customer research in the mobile networking app. Barriers Likely to be Faced Innovation comes with benefits, but its application should be used cautiously considering the risks that may be involved. Barriers may include inadequate resources both financially and skilled labour to develop and modify the networking app. Employees may also resist the change. How Flexibility will be Created by the Innovation The innovation will create room for flexibility e.g. the app can be modified to serve the client needs, and information about new products can be shared, and customer suggestions can be considered to streamline the organisational objectives to the dynamic changes in the environment and business dynamics. Schedule of Innovation The innovation is to be developed in 3 phases, where the first stage is communicating to the group members about the idea and discussing ways to improve the concept into a product. The second step is to carry out a feasibility study on the benefits of the advantages of the information, finally, involve experts to develop the ideas. Operation To improve the product, professionals with bias in finance, IT and marketing with requisite skills should be required to develop the innovation into the intended product. Flexibility Chart The current procedure The new procedure Why flexibility is needed This explains the existing situation in the organisation before the change is made. For example, before the innovation of the mobile networking application This shows the new procedure that is necessitated by the novelty. To illustrate this, the mobile networking application may create new ways of connecting customers and marketing the product This shows the importance of compatibility of the innovation with the objectives of the business. The mobile networking app can be used by an organisation whose primary purpose is to provide service or goods to customers. Budget The budget shows the expected expenditures that would be incurred in executing the innovation. It includes the cost of ensuring the change is successful. In the case of the mobile app, proper budgeting is important so as to avoid inconveniences that may result from lack of funds. The source of funds should clearly be known. The firm must also plan appropriately and investigate the financial strength of the business. Capacity of the Innovation Panel The innovation group must have the right powers to develop the project. These may encompass experience, skills, determination and commitment. They should also have the right academic qualifications to execute the innovation. Innovation Time Table This shows the time frame within which the change us expected to be completed. The timetable shows the stages of the whole process. The timing is critical in planning appropriately for the project. The organisation should come up with the appropriate timetable to enable consequential execution of the innovation process. Proposed Goals of the Firm This explains the expectations of the business from the novelty. If the innovation is successful, these goals should be accomplished. The innovation panel should clearly state the expected goals to be achieved by the innovation. This may include efficiency, time-saving, and accuracy of transactions. Attachments The innovation committee must attach the letter of commitment, the qualifications and individual resumes. They should also develop and attach the appropriate business improvement plan.